Intelligence beyond any one model.

Visual Confused Deputy: Exploiting and Defending Perception Failures in Computer-Using Agents

Xunzhuo Liu, Bowei He, Xue Liu, Andy Luo, Haichen Zhang, Huamin Chen

arXiv Technical Report

We formalize the visual confused deputy as a security failure mode in computer-using agents and introduce a dual-channel guardrail that independently checks click targets and action reasoning before execution.

Outcome-Aware Tool Selection for Semantic Routers: Latency-Constrained Learning Without LLM Inference

Huamin Chen, Xunzhuo Liu, Junchen Jiang, Bowei He, Xue Liu

arXiv Technical Report

We introduce Outcome-Aware Tool Selection (OATS), an offline embedding refinement method that improves semantic-router tool ranking under single-digit millisecond CPU budgets without adding serving-time model inference.

Adaptive Vision-Language Model Routing for Computer Use Agents

Xunzhuo Liu, Bowei He, Xue Liu, Andy Luo, Haichen Zhang, Huamin Chen

arXiv Technical Report

We propose Adaptive VLM Routing (AVR), which estimates action difficulty and routes computer-use agent steps to the cheapest model that still satisfies a target reliability threshold.

98× Faster LLM Routing Without a Dedicated GPU: Flash Attention, Prompt Compression, and Near-Streaming for the vLLM Semantic Router

Xunzhuo Liu, Bowei He, Xue Liu, Andy Luo, Haichen Zhang, Huamin Chen

arXiv Technical Report

We combine Flash Attention, prompt compression, and near-streaming body processing to cut routing latency from seconds to tens of milliseconds while keeping the router lightweight enough to share hardware with serving.

inference-fleet-sim: A Queueing-Theory-Grounded Fleet Capacity Planner for LLM Inference

Huamin Chen, Xunzhuo Liu, Yuhan Liu, Junchen Jiang, Bowei He, Xue Liu

arXiv Technical Report

We present a queueing-theory-grounded fleet planner and discrete-event simulator for sizing multi-pool LLM GPU fleets against P99 TTFT targets, without requiring hardware profiling runs up front.

FleetOpt: Analytical Fleet Provisioning for LLM Inference with Compress-and-Route as Implementation Mechanism

Huamin Chen, Xunzhuo Liu, Yuhan Liu, Junchen Jiang, Bowei He, Xue Liu

arXiv Technical Report

We derive the minimum-cost two-pool LLM fleet directly from the workload CDF and P99 TTFT target, then use Compress-and-Route to make the optimal boundary deployable in practice.

The 1/W Law: An Analytical Study of Context-Length Routing Topology and GPU Generation Gains for LLM Inference Energy Efficiency

Huamin Chen, Xunzhuo Liu, Yuhan Liu, Junchen Jiang, Bowei He, Xue Liu

arXiv Technical Report

We derive the 1/W law showing that tokens per watt roughly halve whenever the serving context window doubles, making context-length routing topology a larger energy-efficiency lever than a pure GPU generation upgrade.

Beyond Document Grounding: Span-Level Hallucination Detection over Code, Tool Output, and Documents

Ádám Kovács, Bowei He, Xue Liu, István Boros, Szilveszter Tóth, Gábor Recski

EMNLP 2026 - GroundLM Workshop

We introduce a unified benchmark for span-level hallucination detection over code, tool output, structured documents, and existing natural-language RAG datasets, built by injecting localized hallucinations with exact character labels into grounded correct answers. Our fine-tuned Qwen3.5-2B detector reaches 0.689 span-F1 on the unified test set and 0.60 on the code-agent source, substantially outperforming LettuceDetect-large and the strongest zero-shot LLM judges evaluated.

Conflict-Free Policy Languages for Probabilistic ML Predicates: A Framework and Case Study with the Semantic Router DSL

Xunzhuo Liu, Hao Wu, Huamin Chen, Bowei He, Xue Liu

arXiv Technical Report

We show how probabilistic ML predicates in policy languages can silently co-fire on the same query, and implement conflict detection plus a softmax-based prevention mechanism in the Semantic Router DSL.

From Inference Routing to Agent Orchestration: Declarative Policy Compilation with Cross-Layer Verification

Huamin Chen, Xunzhuo Liu, Bowei He, Xue Liu

arXiv Technical Report

We extend the Semantic Router DSL from stateless, per-request routing to multi-step agent workflows, emitting verified decision nodes for orchestration frameworks, Kubernetes artifacts, YANG/NETCONF payloads, and protocol-boundary gates from a single declarative source file.

Knowledge Access Beats Model Size: Memory Augmented Routing for Persistent AI Agents

Xunzhuo Liu, Bowei He, Xue Liu, Andy Luo, Haichen Zhang, Huamin Chen

arXiv Technical Report

We show that conversational memory and retrieval-grounded routing let a lightweight 8B model recover most of a 235B model’s performance on persistent user-specific queries while cutting effective inference cost by 96%.

Fast and Faithful: Real-Time Verification for Long-Document Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems

Xunzhuo Liu, Bowei He, Xue Liu, Haichen Zhang, Huamin Chen

SIGIR 2026 Industry Track

We present a real-time verification component for long-document RAG that processes contexts up to 32K tokens, balancing latency and grounding coverage so interactive systems can detect unsupported answers without falling back to truncated checks.

Token-Budget-Aware Pool Routing for Cost-Efficient LLM Inference

Huamin Chen, Xunzhuo Liu, Junchen Jiang, Bowei He, Xue Liu

arXiv Technical Report

We propose token-budget-aware pool routing, which estimates each request’s total token budget using a self-calibrating bytes-per-token ratio and dispatches it to short or long vLLM pools to cut fleet cost while avoiding KV-cache failures.

When to Reason: Semantic Router for vLLM

Chen Wang, Xunzhuo Liu, Yuhan Liu, Yue Zhu, Xiangxi Mo, Junchen Jiang, Huamin Chen

NeurIPS - MLForSys

We present a semantic router that classifies queries based on their reasoning requirements and selectively applies reasoning only when beneficial.

Category-Aware Semantic Caching for Heterogeneous LLM Workloads

Chen Wang, Xunzhuo Liu, Yue Zhu, Alaa Youssef, Priya Nagpurkar, Huamin Chen

We present a category-aware semantic caching where similarity thresholds, TTLs, and quotas vary by query category, with a hybrid architecture separating in-memory HNSW search from external document storage.

Semantic Inference Routing Protocol (SIRP)

Huamin Chen, Luay Jalil

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

This document specifies the Semantic Inference Routing Protocol (SIRP), a framework for content-level classification and semantic routing in AI inference systems.

Multi-Provider Extensions for Agentic AI Inference APIs

H. Chen, L. Jalil, N. Cocker

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - Network Management Research Group

This document specifies multi-provider extensions for agentic AI inference APIs. Published: 20 October 2025. Intended Status: Informational. Expires: 23 April 2026.